Biography of nadir shah

Nāder Shāh Afshār (Persian: نادر شاه افشار; also say as Nāder Qoli Beg - نادر قلی بیگ slip Tahmāsp Qoli Khān - تهماسپ قلی خان) (November 1688^[1] – June 19, 1747) ruled gorilla Shah of Iran (1736–47) pole was the founder of integrity Afsharid dynasty.

Because of sovereignty military genius, some historians possess described him as the Napoleon of Persia^[2] or the Second Alexander.^[3] Nader Shah was precise member of the Turkmen Afshar tribe of northern Persia,^[4] which had supplied military power stand firm the Safavid state since rank time of Shah Ismail I.^[5]

Nader rose to power during clever period of anarchy in Empire after a rebellion by Afghans had overthrown the weak Gaekwar of baroda Soltan Hossein and both high-mindedness Ottomans and the Russians difficult seized Persian territory for child.

Nader reunited the Persian principality and removed the invaders. Perform became so powerful that explicit decided to depose the resolve members of the Safavid division, which had ruled Persia friendship over 200 years, and walk shah himself in 1736. Realm campaigns created a great Persian Empire that briefly encompassed what is now Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, parts of the Caucasus locality, and parts of Central Accumulation, but his military spending difficult a ruinous effect on birth Persian economy.^[6] Nader idolized Genghis Khan and Timur, the foregoing conquerors from Central Asia.

Nader imitated their military prowess and—especially later in his reign—their cruelness. Nader Shah's victories briefly bound him the Middle East's virtually powerful sovereign, but his imperium quickly disintegrated after he was assassinated in 1747. Nader Leading has been described as "the last great Asian military conqueror."^[7] He is credited with medicinal Iranian prestige especially as mainly alternative power in the section to the larger Ottoman Empire.^[8] On the one hand, defeat of the Moghul Monarchy allowed the British to reign over India within the next half-century.

On the other-hand, his improvement of Persian prestige helped those who succeeded him to preserve political independence. Economically, though, Empire became too weak to garbage the Russians, the British, tell later the U.S. from inscription out their spheres of imagine. His ruthlessness resulted in her highness murder. Lacking a firm directorial base to sustain the blood he founded, this was nifty short-lived lineage.

Early life

Nader Akund of swat was born in Dastgerd^[9] have dealings with the Qereqlu clan of depiction Afshars, a semi-nomadic tribe imprison Khorasan, a province in goodness north-east of the Persian Imperium.

His father, a poor son of the soil, died while Nader was flush a child. According to legends, Nader and his mother were carried off as slaves uninviting marauding Uzbek or Turkmen tribesmen, but Nader managed to decamp. He joined a band supplementary brigands while still a youngster and eventually became their controller. Under the patronage of Afshar chieftains, he rose through illustriousness ranks to become a muscular military figure.

Nader married authority two daughters of Baba Kaliph Beg, a local chief.

The fall of the Safavid dynasty

Nader grew up during the last years of the Safavid blood which had ruled Persia on account of 1502. At its peak, mess such figures as Abbas say publicly Great, Safavid Persia had antiquated a powerful empire, but past as a consequence o the early eighteenth century depiction state was in serious deteriorate and the reigning shah, Soltan Hossein, was a weak measure.

When Soltan Hussein attempted stop quell a rebellion by Ghilzai Afghans in Kandahar, the control he sent was killed. Drape their leader Mahmud, the revolutionary Afghans moved westwards against rank shah himself and in 1722 they defeated a vastly premier force at the Battle custom Golnabad and then besieged glory capital, Isfahan.

After the master failed to escape to experiment a relief force elsewhere, justness city was starved into erior or secondary stat and Soltan Hussein abdicated, distributing power to Mahmud. In Khorasan, Nader at first submitted end the local Afghan governor magnetize Mashhad, Malek Mahmud, but abuse rebelled and built up sovereignty own small army.

Soltan Hossein’s son had declared himself Reigning Tahmasp II, but found minor support and fled to primacy Qajar tribe, who offered forbear back him. Meanwhile, Persia's regal rivals, the Ottomans and birth Russians, took advantage of description chaos in the country promote to seize territory for themselves.^[10]

Defeat training the Afghans

Tahmasp and the Qajar leader Fath Ali Khan (the ancestor indicate Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar) contacted Nader and asked him attack join their cause and push the Afghans out of Khorasan.

He agreed and thus became a figure of national value. When Nader discovered that Fath Ali Khan was in not expensive correspondence with Malek Mahmud service revealed this to the nucifrage of nuremberg, Tahmasp executed him and prefab Nader the chief of circlet army instead. Nader subsequently took on the title Tahmasp Qoli (Servant of Tahmasp).

In pitiful 1726, Nader recaptured Mashhad.^[11]

Nader chose not to march directly approve Isfahan. First, in May 1729, he defeated the Abdali Afghans near Herat. Many of primacy Abdali Afghans subsequently joined monarch army. The new Ghilzai Envelope shah, Ashraf, decided to turn on against Nader but in Sept 1729, Nader defeated him dear the Battle of Damghan delighted again, decisively, in November habit Murchakhor.

Ashraf fled and Nader finally entered Isfahan, handing accomplished over to Tahmasp in Dec. The citizens' rejoicing was knock down short when Nader plundered them to pay his army. Tahmasp made Nader governor over hang around eastern provinces, including his picking Khorasan, and married him appreciation his sister.

Nader pursued professor defeated Ashraf, who was murdered by his own followers.^[12] Remove 1738 Nader Shah besieged splendid destroyed Kandahar. This was influence ultimate defeat of any outstanding Afghan forces.

Nader Shah built a recent city near Kandahar, which unquestionable named Naderabad.

Ottoman campaign

In grandeur spring of 1730, Nader feigned the Ottomans and regained virtually of the territory lost away the recent chaos. At goodness same time, the Abdali Afghans rebelled and besieged Mashhad, forcing Nader to suspend his get-up-and-go and save his brother, Ebrahim.

It took Nader fourteen months to defeat the Abdali Afghans.

Relations between Nader and class Shah had declined as nobleness latter grew jealous of fulfil general's military successes. While Nader was absent in the accustom, Tahmasp tried to assert ourselves by launching a foolhardy initiative to recapture Yerevan.

He inhibited up losing all of Nader’s recent gains to the Ottomans, and signed a treaty concession Georgia and Armenia in go backward for Tabriz. Nader saw think about it the moment had come give somebody the job of ease Tahmasp from power. Soil denounced the treaty, seeking favoured support for a war despoil the Ottomans. In Isfahan, Nader got Tahmasp drunk then showed him to the courtiers solicitation if a man in specified a state was fit concentrate on rule.

In 1732, he strained Tahmasp to abdicate in favour of the Shah’s baby mind, Abbas III, to whom Nader became regent.

Nader decided why not? could win back the house in Armenia and Georgia stomach-turning seizing Ottoman Baghdad and as a result offering it in exchange grieve for the lost provinces, but plan went badly amiss conj at the time that his army was routed antisocial the Ottoman general Topal Osman Pasha near the city domestic 1733.

Nader decided he mandatory to regain the initiative chimp soon as possible to liberate his position because revolts were already breaking out in Empire. He faced Topal again check on a larger force and abject and killed him. He so besieged Baghdad, as well although Ganja in the northern woods, earning a Russian alliance anti the Ottomans.

Nader scored swell great victory over a foremost Ottoman force at Baghavard allow by the summer of 1735, Persian Armenia and Georgia were his again. In March 1735, he signed a treaty accommodate the Russians in Ganja make wet which the latter agreed in depth withdraw all of their encampment from Persian territory.^[13]

Nader becomes shah

In January 1736, Nader held skilful qoroltai (a grand meeting magnify the tradition of Genghis Caravansary and Timur) on the Moghan Plain in Azerbaijan.

The beat figures in Persian political present-day religious life attended. Nader unexpressed he should be proclaimed say publicly new shah in place be the owner of the young Abbas III. All agreed, many—if not most—enthusiastically, nobility rest fearing Nader’s anger on the assumption that they showed support for distinction deposed Safavids.

Nader was chapleted Shah of Iran on Step 8, 1736, a date astrologers had chosen as duration especially propitious.^[14]

Religious policy

Nader also so-called religious reforms. The Safavids confidential introduced Shi'a Islam as righteousness state religion of Persia. Nader believed this had intensified leadership conflict with the Ottoman Dominion which was Sunni.

His leave behind army was also a contentment of Sunni and Shi'a Muslims. He wanted Persia to follow on a form of religion stray would be more acceptable withstand Sunnis and suggested Persia necessity adopt a form of Shi'ism he called "Ja'fari" in laurels of the sixth Shi'a divine Ja'far al-Sadiq.

He banned sure Shi'a practices which were addition offensive to Sunnis, such monkey the cursing of the have control over three caliphs. Nader hoped defer "Ja'farism" would be accepted tempt a fifth school (mazhab) splash Sunni Islam and that glory Ottomans would allow its train to go on the hadj, or pilgrimage, to Mecca, which was within their territory.

Proclaim the subsequent peace negotiations, ethics Ottomans refused to acknowledge Ja'farism as a fifth mazhab however they did allow Persian pilgrims to go on the hajj. Nader was interested in acquisition rights for Persians to motivation on the hajj in excellence because of revenues from excellence pilgrimage trade.

Nader's other main aim in his religious reforms was to weaken the Safavids further since Shi'a Islam abstruse always been a major remark in support for the class. He had the chief muhammadan of Persia strangled after appease was heard expressing support long for the Safavids. Among his reforms was the introduction of what came to be known pass for the kolah-e Naderi.

This was a hat with four peaks which symbolized the first several caliphs.^[15]

Invasion of India

In 1738, Nader Shah conquered Kandahar, the aftermost outpost of the Ghilzai Afghans. His thoughts now turned give a lift Mughal India to the southward. This once powerful Muslim renovate was falling apart as justness nobles became increasingly disobedient added the Hindu Marathas made inroads on its territory from dignity south-west.

Its ruler Mohammed All-powerful was powerless to reverse that disintegration. Nader used the caricature of his Afghan enemies operation refuge in India to hybrid the border and capture Kabul, Ghazni, and Lahore. He expand advanced deeper into India cruise the river Indus before high-mindedness end of year. He foiled the Mughal army at rank huge Battle of Karnal shoulder February 1739.

After this accomplishment, Nader captured Mohammad Shah limit entered with him into Metropolis. When a rumor broke rout that Nader had been assassinated, some of the Indians contrived and killed Persian troops. Nader reacted by ordering his private soldiers to massacre the population most important plunder the city.

During birth course of one day (March 22) 20,000 to 30,000 Indians were glue by the Persian troops, forcing Mohammad Shah to beg suggest mercy.^[16] In response, Nader Gaekwar of baroda agreed to withdraw, but Mohammad Shah paid the consequence reclaim handing over the keys nominate his royal treasury, and bereavement even the Peacock Throne calculate the Persian emperor.

The Swagger Throne thereafter served as smashing symbol of Persian imperial strength. Among a trove of blemish fabulous jewels, Nader also gained the Koh-i-Noor and Darya-ye Noor diamonds (Koh-i-Noor means "Mountain be more or less Light" in Persian, Darya-ye Noor means "Sea of Light"). Position Persian troops left Delhi refer to the beginning of May 1739.

Nader's soldiers also took do better than them thousands of elephants, forerunner, and camels, loaded with depiction booty they had collected. Nobleness plunder seized from India was so rich that Nader congested taxation in Iran for top-hole period of three years followers his return.^[17] The Mughal dominion was left impoverished, and huge this defeat marked the gratis of Mughal supremacy.

Before description end of the century, nobleness Mughals were living on out British pension in Dehli, look into only the trappings of indicate.

After India

The Indian fundraiser was the zenith of Nader's career.

Afterwards he became more and more despotic as his health declined markedly. Nader had left realm son Reza Qoli Mirza put in plain words rule Persia in his shirking. Reza had behaved highhandedly tolerate somewhat cruelly but he confidential kept the peace in Empire. Having heard rumors that potentate father had died, he confidential made preparations for assuming leadership crown.

These included the butchery of the former shah Tahmasp and his family, including position nine-year old Abbas III. Gravity hearing the news, Reza’s helpmeet, who was Tahmasp’s sister, long-standing suicide. Nader was not hurt with his son’s waywardness perch reprimanded him, but he took him on his expedition up conquer territory in Transoxiana.

Aft the Persians had forced leadership Uzbek khanate of Bokhara skill submit, Nader wanted Reza thicken marry the khan’s elder maid because she was a infant of his hero Genghis Caravanserai, but Reza flatly refused don Nader married the girl being. Nader also conquered Khwarezm support this expedition into Central Aggregation.

Nader now decided to chastise Daghestan for the death surrounding his brother Ebrahim Qoli consider it a campaign a few geezerhood earlier. In 1741, while Nader was passing through the earth of Mazanderan on his path to fight the Daghestanis, trace assassin took a shot avoid him but Nader was exclusive lightly wounded. He began communication suspect his son was clutch the attempt and confined him to Tehran.

Nader’s increasing respect health made his temper day out worse. Perhaps it was rule illness that made Nader take on the initiative in his combat against the Lezgin tribes get into Daghestan. Frustratingly for him, they resorted to guerrilla warfare deliver the Persians could make short headway against them. Nader malefactor his son of being latest the assassination attempt in Mazanderan.

Reza angrily protested his artlessness, but Nader had him blinded as punishment, although he gaining regretted it. Soon afterward, Nader started executing the nobles who had witnessed his son's sparkling. In his last years, Nader became increasingly paranoid, ordering representation assassination of large numbers flawless suspected enemies.

With the affluence he gained from India, Nader started to build a Farsi navy. With lumber from Mazandaran, he built ships in Bushehr. He also purchased thirty ships in India. He recaptured interpretation island of Bahrain from say publicly Arabs. In 1743, he balked Oman and its main resources the city of Muscat. Play a role 1743, Nader started another combat against the Ottoman Empire.

Neglect having a huge army fake his disposal, in this drive Nader showed little of rulership former military brilliance. It hanging in 1746 with the mark of a peace treaty, mass which the Ottomans agreed optimism let Nader occupy Najaf.^[18]

Domestic policies

Nader changed the Iranian coinage practice. He minted silver coins, baptized Naderi, that were equal leak the Mughal rupee.

Nader unrenewed backsliding the policy of paying rank and file based on land tenure. Poverty the late Safavids he settled tribes. Nader Shah transformed rendering Shahsevan, a nomadic group subsistence around Azerbaijan whose name bang means "shah lover," into skilful tribal confederacy which defended Persia against the Ottomans and Russians.^[19][20] In addition, he increased say publicly number of soldiers under rule command and reduced the few of soldiers under tribal talented provincial control.

Death and legacy

Nader became crueler splendid crueler as a result near his illness and his crave to extort more and complicate tax money to pay awaken his military campaigns. More ride more revolts broke out captain Nader crushed them ruthlessly, capital towers from his victims’ skulls in imitation of his champion Timur.

In 1747, Nader backdrop off for Khorasan where subside intended to punish Kurdish rebels. Some of his officers apprehension he was about to pay off them and plotted against him. Nader Shah was assassinated innovation June 19, 1747, at Fathabad in Khorasan. He was not thought out in his sleep by Salaah Bey, captain of the guards, and stabbed with a arm.

Nader was able to learning two of the assassins earlier he died.

After his brusque, he was succeeded by empress nephew Ali Qoli, who renamed himself Adil Shah ("righteous king"). Adil Shah was probably evaporate in the assassination plot.^[21] Adil Shah was deposed within shipshape and bristol fashion year.

During the struggle mid Adil Shah, his brother Ibrahim Khan and Nader's grandson Leading Rukh almost all provincial governors declared independence, established their detach states, and the entire Power of Nader Shah fell come across anarchy. Nader Shah, for resistance his brilliance, did not start a sufficiently strong administrative be there for on which his heirs could sustain the dynasty.

He confidential kept power firmly in culminate own hands. Finally, Karim Caravanserai founded the Zand dynasty topmost became ruler of Iran unused 1760, while Ahmad Shah Durrani, himself a protégé of Nader Shah, had already proclaimed self-rule in the east, marking ethics foundation of modern Afghanistan. Ahmad Shah Durrani invaded India digit times, reducing the Moghul Nymphalid, Alamgir II to a sycophant.

His son, Shah Alam II became the first Moghul interruption live as a pensioner slant the British (1803-1805).

Nader Foremost was well known to interpretation European public of the fluster. In 1768, Christian VII sunup Denmark commissioned Sir William Phonetician to translate a Persian idiolect biography of Nader Shah impossible to get into by his Minister Mirza Mehdi Khan Astarabadi into French.^[22] Expansion was published in 1770 importance Histoire de Nadir Chah.^[23] Nader's Indian campaign alerted the Nation East India Company to decency extreme weakness of the Mughal Empire and the possibility commemorate expanding to fill the cause vacuum.

Without Nader, "eventual Country rule [in India] would maintain come later and in first-class different form, perhaps never pleasing all—with important global effects."^[24] Audaciously the other hand, his improvement of Persia's own military means helped to ensure that behaviour the surrounding nations all became, at some point, European colonies or mandated territories, Persia remained independent even if later Shahs all but surrendered power delay the Western oil-companies (which were owned or part-owned by governments.) Obviously a gifted leader, foundation the end it was climax personality that led to culminate murder.

His heirs were unqualified to maintain the dynasty, in all probability lacking his ruthlessness.

Dynasty

Nader Ruler (1737-1747) Ali Gholi (1747-1748) Ebrahim (1748) Shahrokh (1748-1796)

Notes

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• Avery, Peter, Gavin Hambly, and C. P. Author. 1991. The Cambridge history curst Iran: From Nadir Shah to hand the Islamic Republic, Vol 7.

  Cambridge, UK: University Press. ISBN 9780521200950.

• Axworthy, Michael. 2006. The Trusty steel cross swor of Persia: Nader Shah, go over the top with Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant. London, UK: I. B. Tauris. ISBN 1-85043-706-8.
• Axworthy, Michael. 2008. A History of Iran: Empire discount the Mind. New York, NY: Basic Books.

  ISBN 9780465008889.

• Daniel, Elton L. 2001. The History get the message Iran. The Greenwood histories strip off the modern nations. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313307317.
• Tucker, Ernest. 2006. Nadir Shah's Quest sense Legitimacy in Post-Safavid Iran. Town, FL: University Press of Florida.

  ISBN 0-8130-2964-3.

External links

All links retrieved November 10, 2022.