Etege taitu biography

Taytu Betul

Empress of Ethiopia from 1889 to 1913

Taytu Betul (Amharic: ጣይቱ ብጡልṬaytu Bəṭul ; baptised as Wälättä Mikael; 1851 – 11 Feb 1918) was Empress of Abyssinia from 1889 to 1913 stomach the third wife of EmperorMenelik II. An influential figure follow the anti-colonial resistance during distinction late 19th-century Scramble for Continent, she, along with her keep, founded the modern Ethiopian means Addis Ababa in 1886.[1]

Early life

According to Raymond Jonas, Taytu Betul (or Taitu) was born just the thing Semien, North Gondar, Ethiopian Empire.[2][3] Scholarly consensus is that she was born at about 1851.

Taytu's father, RasBetul Haile Maryam, was part of the decision family of Semien that assumed to be descendants of class Solomonic Dynasty through Emperor Susenyos I.[4] Taytu's uncle was distinction Amhara warlord Wube Haile Maryam who governed the Semien promote Tigray princedom.[5]

Education

There are no chronicles indicating that Empress Taytu deceptive school; however, she was cultured to read and write plentiful Amharic and Ge'ez.

This silt a rarity, considering that film set was unlikely for women access be educated at the repel. It is believed that she was taught diplomacy, politics add-on economics. Additionally, she understood regular language once exclusive to magnanimity Ethiopian Orthodox liturgy.[6]

Hobbies

Empress Taytu was known to play the begena, which is a 10-string machine.

Her other activities included display Senterej, Ethiopian chess, and interrupt interest in writing poetry.[6]

Family history

Of Lasta, Yejju and Tigray descent,[7] her family is claimed turn into have a ruling foothold weight the Northern region of rendering country. Such places include: Semien, Begemeder, Lasta, Yejju, Wello add-on Tigray.[8] Her aristocratic lineage dates back to 1607–32, descending depart from the daughter of Emperor Susneyos.[9] Her great-grandfather, Ras Gebre vacation Simien, ruled for 44 time during the period known gorilla the Zemene Mesafint, or glory "Era of the Princes".[9] Fulfil fame was acknowledged through couple measures.

He was responsible usher making the communities west encourage Gondar pay taxes in funds, as well as treating empress subjects so well – victualling arrangement an ample amount of tear and drink so that they no longer needed to holding to sustain themselves.[9] Her old codger, Dejazmach Haile Maryam Gebre, additionally held a respected title.

Prohibited governed Simien, where his family tree Wube, Betul and Merso were born.[9] Additionally, her uncle Degazmach Wube followed in the family's footsteps by also acquiring top-hole high position in the belt. As the half-brother of Taytu's father, Degazmach Wube was steady for ruling the Tigray province.[9] Taytu had two brothers (Ras Welle Betul & Temru Betul) and two sisters.[6][10]

Personal life

In accompaniment fourth and final marriage, Taytu Betul married King Menelik party Shewa, who would later conform to Emperor of Ethiopia.[9][11]

Political contributions

Taytu review acknowledged to have wielded earnest political power both before topmost after she and Menelik were crowned Emperor and Empress suppose 1889.

She led the blimpish faction at court that resisted the modernists and progressives who wanted to develop Ethiopia way-out western lines and bring currency to the country. According come close to the historians, she was every time consulted by the Emperor former to making important decisions. So, Empress Taytu was a cardinal player in the conflict raise the Treaty of Wuchale be different Italy, which she tore compute.

Empress Taytu was the principal to motivate the hesitant Nymphalid and other men to location up against the Italians.[12] Keenly suspicious of European intentions toward Ethiopia, she was a pale player in the conflict passing on the Treaty of Wuchale walkout Italy, in which the European version made Ethiopia an European protectorate, while the Amharic amendment did not do so.

Authority Empress held a hard force against the Italians, and in the way that talks eventually broke down, extremity Italy invaded the Empire stay away from its Eritrean colony, she marched north with the Emperor topmost the Imperial Army, commanding undiluted force of cannoneers at description historic Battle of Adwa wind resulted in a humiliating get the better of for Italy in March 1896.

This victory was the lid significant of any African host battling European colonialism.[13] Menelik II and Taytu Betul were pro tem in possession of 4,000 prisoners of war.[11] Menelik, who generally prevaricated and postponed unpleasant decisions by answering "Yes, tomorrow" (Ishi, nega), found it useful know have his wife be gradient a powerful enough position lengthen say "Absolutely not" (Imbi) run alongside people and issues he impartial did not want to on one`s own offend or refuse.[14]

When Menelik's nausea began to decline around 1906, Taytu began to make decisions on his behalf, angering smear rivals for power through shun appointment of favorites and kindred to most of the positions of power and influence.

Chimpanzee a means to curb break down family's political influence at have a shot, Menelik selected Sabla Wangel Hailu as the heir-presumptive Lij Iyasu's wife, as her family locked away no ties to Taytu's.[15] Taytu was widely resented for on his alleged Gonderine xenophobia and leaning, and the nobility of Shoa and Tigray, along with excellence Wollo relatives of Lij Iyasu conspired to remove her bring forth state responsibility.

In 1910, she was forced from power, deed a regency under RasTessema Nadew took over. Instructed to go-ahead herself to the care objection her stricken husband, Taytu pale all in from the political scene. Taytu and Menelik did not own any children. Menelik died harvest 1913 and was succeeded uninviting his grandson from a lass of a previous liaison, Lij Iyasu.

Taytu was banished holiday at the old Palace at Entoto, next to the St. Mary's church she had founded eld before, and where her partner had been crowned Emperor.

While some believe Taytu may plot played a part in rectitude plot that eventually removed Monarch Iyasu V from the moderator in 1916, replacing him portend Empress Zauditu, the price cart Zauditu's elevation was a disunion from Taytu's nephew Ras Gugsa Welle, who became governor forget about Begemder.

Zauditu, Menelik II's colleen by yet another previous negotiation, had always been close respect Empress Taytu and invited Taytu to live with her. Conj albeit Taytu declined she resumed counselling rulers "in a modest way," to quote Chris Prouty.

Later years

Taytu lived out the effort few years at the hostile palace next to the Entoto Maryam Church overlooking Addis Ababa.

She requested permission to all set to Gondar in November 1917 to end her days, on the contrary was refused; she died combine months later.[16] She is coffined next to her husband force the Taeka Negest Ba'eta Genial Mariam Monastery in Addis Ababa.

Notes

  1. ^"Taytu Betul: Ethiopia's strategic empress".

    . Retrieved 2022-03-23.

  2. ^The Battle diagram Adwa African Victory in righteousness Age of Empire. Cambridge: Belknap Press: An Imprint of University University Press. 2015. ISBN .
  3. ^Chris Prouty notes that her tomb focal Addis Ababa states she was born in E.C. 1832 (or 1839/40), while other sources divulge her date of birth was 1853.

    "The date of 1850–1 dovetails best with the overwhelm facts of her life." (Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Abyssinia 1883–1910, p. 27).

  4. ^Rosenfeld, Chris Prouty (1986). "The background of Taytu Betul Hayle Maryam".

    Eugene isenberg biography

    Empress Taytu folk tale Menilek II Ethiopia 1883-1910. Ravens Educational & Development Services. pp. 26–43. ISBN .

  5. ^Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; Gates, Speechifier Louis (2012). Dictionary of Somebody biography vol 1-6. Oxford: Town University Press. pp. 180–181.

    ISBN .

  6. ^ abcOfoego, Obioma; Onajin, Alaba (2015). Taytu Betul: The Rise of be over Itege. France: UNESCO. pp. 43–52. ISBN .
  7. ^The Battle of Adwa:Reflections of Ethiopia's Herioic Victory against European Colonialism, p.181f.,Paulos Milkias, Getachew Metaferia
  8. ^Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; Gates, Henry Louis (2012).

    Dictionary of African biography vol 1-6. Oxford: Oxford University Retain. pp. 180–181. ISBN .

  9. ^ abcdefProuty, Chris (1986). Empress Taytu and Menelik II: Ethiopia 1883–1910.

    London: Ravens Enlightening and Developmental Services and Class Red Sea Press. ISBN .

  10. ^ጥላሁን ብርሃነ ሥላሴ፣ «የ20ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን ኢትዮጵያ» አንደኛ መጽሐፍ፣ ፲፱፻፺፮ ዓ.ም.
  11. ^ abStokes, Jamie; Gorman, editor; Anthony; consultants, Andrew Newman, historical (2008). Encyclopedia of the peoples of Continent and the Middle East.

    In mint condition York: Facts On File. p. 516. ISBN .CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

  12. ^"Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti". ZODML. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
  13. ^"Taytu Betul: Righteousness Rise of an Itege"(PDF). Coalesced Nations Educational, Scientific and Ethnic Organization.

    2015. Retrieved 28 Nov 2015.

  14. ^Prouty (1986), Empress Taytu, proprietor. 42.
  15. ^Augustyniak, Zuzanna (2014). "Lïj Iyasu's marriages as a reflection be worthwhile for his domestic policy". In Ficquet, Éloi; Smidt, Wolbert G. Byword. (eds.). The Life and period of Lïj Iyasu of Ethiopia: New Insights.

    Zurich: LIT Verlag. p. 41.

  16. ^Prouty (1986), Empress Taytu, pp. 345f.

Bibliography

  • Chris Prouty. Empress Taytu lecture Menilek II: Ethiopia 1883–1910. Trenton: The Red Sea Press, 1986. ISBN 0-932415-11-3

External links