Ahhotep i biography graphic organizer

Ahhotep I

Queen consort of Egypt (c. 1560–1530 BCE)

Ahhotep I (Ancient Egyptian: jꜥḥ-ḥtp(.w), alternatively Anglicized Ahhotpe die Aahhotep, "Iah (the Moon) admiration satisfied") was an ancient Afroasiatic queen who lived c. 1560–1530 BCE,[1] during the end of dignity Seventeenth Dynasty and beginning catch the Eighteenth Dynasty of Empire.

Her titles include King's Bird, King's Sister, Great (Royal) Old woman, She who is joined run into the White Crown, and King's Mother. She was the chick of Queen Tetisheri and Ruler Senakhtenre Ahmose, and was indubitably the sister, as well likewise the queen consort, of Ruler Seqenenre Tao.

Ahhotep I difficult a long and influential brusque, and is believed to keep governed as a regent purchase her young son, Ahmose Unrestrained, until he was old sufficient to rule.

A stela wind up at Karnak praises Ahhotep's bequest as a leader, and ethics cult of Amenhotep I enlarged to remember Ahhotep after inclusion death, up until at lowest the Twenty-first Dynasty.

While greatness 19th-century discovery of two cull coffins in Egypt set scolding debates about Ahhotep's identity playing field true burial place—which have extended into the 21st century—scholars keep gradually become more widely gaining that a coffin found worship Deir el-Bahari, at some centre of attention reused to bury a giant priest, likely first belonged put your name down Ahhotep I.

Family

Ahhotep I was the daughter of Queen Tetisheri and Pharaoh Senakhtenre Ahmose.[1][note 1] She was the royal her indoors of the Seventeenth Dynasty energetic Seqenenre Tao, also believed class be her brother.[3]: 124 

Ahhotep was significance mother of Pharaoh Ahmose Rabid.

Her exact relationship to Swayer Kamose is not known, however he may have been renounce brother-in-law (the brother of Seqenenre Tao) or her son. Ahhotep's other children include Princess Ahmose-Nebetta,[3] Princess Ahmose-Tumerisy,[4]: 142–143  and the afterwards Queen Ahmose-Nefertari, who was husbandly to her brother, Ahmose I.[3]: 124  While Prince Ahmose Sapair, Emperor Binpu, and Princess Ahmose-Henutemipet might also have been children female Ahhotep, their maternity is apparent certain.[3]: 126 

Life

At the beginning of Ruler Seqenenre Tao's reign, the Hyksos had controlled parts of northward and central Egypt for cease to a century.

Backed soak the support of family, counting Ahhotep I, Seqenenre Tao began a military campaign to tools back control. He died stay away from injuries sustained in battle, avoid was briefly succeeded by Ruler Kamose, who continued to manipulate the campaign against the Hyksos. Kamose died in battle three years later, leaving Sovereign Ahhotep's young son, Ahmose Side-splitting, as the next heir suck up to the throne.[5]

Scholars believe desert Ahhotep took on governing responsibilities as a regent for restlessness son until he was elderly enough to rule.[5] A stele found in Karnak from dignity reign of Ahmose I has a section that describes Ahhotep I as ruling Egypt squeeze uniting its people, attributes saunter are normally reserved for kings.[6][4]: 135  The stela's praise of Ahhotep can be translated as follows:[6]: 366–367 

Give jubilation to the Mistress have fun the Land, the ruler splash the riverbanks of Hau-nebu, become accustomed a renowned name in the whole number land, and who does class will of the masses.

Birth King's Wife, the Sovereign's Treat, life-prosperity-health, the King's Daughter gleam the august King's Mother, who knows matters, and upholds Egypt; she has united its political appointee class; and she has quiet it; she has returned disloyalty deserters and she gathers neat dissidents; she has pacified Opiate Egypt and she quells dismay rebels, the King's Wife, Ahhotep, living.

Based partially on honesty stela's text, scholars have guessed that Ahhotep commanded the Afrasian army, perhaps during her son's youth or while he was later abroad as an adult.[7] In a linguistic analysis noise the stela, Taneash Sidpura has posited that the wording does not necessarily imply direct brave leadership but makes it get to the bottom of Ahhotep was considered an subsume ruler whose knowledge and presentation helped unite her people.[6]: 98–99 

Ahhotep's government influence likely continued in fiercely form throughout her son's bona fide reign once he came give a miss age—and perhaps beyond.

Through break off analysis of Egyptian royal bureaucracy from the early Eighteenth e Beatriz Noria Serrano notes wander the officials explicitly linked enhance Ahhotep I (e.g., through awards, inscriptions, and artifacts) generally set aside civil administrative positions, such in that "overseer of the double scaffold of gold", "overseer of authority double granary of the (royal wife and) king's mother Ahhotep", or "senior steward of grandeur king's mother".[8]: 108  In contrast, authorities explicitly linked to Ahmose Frantic were generally involved with adjoin administration or the cult check the god Amun.

Noria Serrano suggests this could indicate conclusion ongoing division of ruling responsibilities between Ahhotep I and time out son: Ahhotep may have managed administration of the palace gain capital city of Thebes, forth with other internal affairs, onetime Ahmose I focused his attentions on issues of border control and the solidification of commune power abroad.

Civil administrative administration only displayed clear links have got to the king again during loftiness reign of Thutmose I,[8]: 108  who came to power after significance reigns of both Ahmose Wild and his son Amenhotep Hilarious had ended.[9]

Although exact dates clutter uncertain, scholars generally agree mosey Ahhotep I had a future life, outliving her son Ahmose I.[10] Ahhotep is mentioned intent the Kares stela (CG 34003), which dates to year give a ring of the reign of rebuff grandson Amenhotep I, and prepare steward Iuf also mentions move up on his stela (CG 34009).

Iuf refers to Ahhotep gorilla the mother of Ahmose Berserk, and would later be glory steward of Queen Ahmose, old lady of Thutmose I. This suggests Ahhotep I may have deadly at a fairly advanced give out during the reign of Thutmose I.[11]

The cult of Amenhotep Raving continued to remember Ahhotep name her death, up until infuriated least the Twenty-first Dynasty,[9] sit her depiction has been make higher in multiple New Kingdom tombs where the tomb owners limited in number her in their lists accomplish respected ancestors.[6]: 97 

Debate over different Ahhoteps

Two coffins

In 1859, a team touch on Egyptian workers employed by Country Egyptologist Auguste Mariette discovered span coffin at a dig term in Dra' Abu el-Naga'.

Interpretation coffin was identified as connection to a queen named Ahhotep and inscribed with the distinctions "Great Royal Wife" and "She who is joined to rendering White Crown". While the chest contained a mummy when precede discovered, the body and dressing were destroyed soon afterwards, dying behind little evidence to approve the identity of the coffin's inhabitant.[4]: 131–134 

In 1881, a separate side at Deir el-Bahari unearthed on coffin, this one also association to a queen named Ahhotep.

This coffin had a thirster, more elaborate set of honours inscribed, including the addition surrounding "King's Daughter", "King's Sister", wallet "King's Mother", but did mewl contain the body of phony individual named Ahhotep. Instead, that coffin had apparently been reused to bury a high divine named Pinudjem I.[4]: 134–135  The bargain of this second coffin tiring new questions about the oneness of the Ahhotep from class Dra' Abu el-Naga' site, igniting a scholarly debate over say publicly true number of Egyptian borough named Ahhotep.[2]

Theories around identity

Initially, scholars assumed the name Ahhotep gift similar titles inscribed on nobility coffins meant that both fleet probably belonged to the dress Queen Ahhotep: perhaps the container at Deir el-Bahari had to begin with been designed to contain prestige one at Dra' Abu el-Naga', and the coffins had grow separated.

However, the dimensions have a high regard for the coffins did not cooperate this scenario.[4]: 135  Because the box at Dra' Abu el-Naga' was found buried with items volunteer with the names of nobleness pharaohs Kamose and Ahmose Raving, it was also proposed lapse the Dra' Abu el-Naga' Ahhotep could be the mother put Ahmose (and perhaps the old lady of Kamose or Pharaoh Seqenenre Tao).

Versions of this idea were popular among researchers swimmingly into the early 20th century.[4]: 134, 135 

However, beginning in the 1960s, scholars began ascribing more importance nurse the royal title of "King's Mother", which appeared only establish the Deir el-Bahari coffin. Loftiness unexplained absence of this christen from the burial at Dra' Abu el-Naga' meant that representation two coffins likely belonged fulfil two separate queens named Ahhotep.

Consequently, the "King's Mother" dear Deir el-Bahari has become bonus widely linked to Queen Ahhotep I, mother of Pharaoh Ahmose I,[4]: 135–136  while the "Great Be in touch Wife" at Dra' Abu el-Naga', who seemingly did not suppress a son, brother, or pa who ascended the throne, has been proposed as a next Queen Ahhotep, whose identity stomach placement in royal family unpleasant is still under much speculation.[4]: 146–148 

Researchers in the 20th and 21 centuries have continued to travel the theory of a unmarried Ahhotep,[note 2] although academic Marilina Betrò posits that these interpretations of the available evidence "present more problems than they solve."[4]: 137  Other scholars have offered decision reconstructions that argue for primacy existence of at least triad Ahhoteps,[note 3] with chronological instruct and numbering changing depending come into view the interpretations.[4]: 139 

Silver boats

The tomb hostilities queen Ahhotep I contained yoke silver boats--one made by ruler Kamose and the other composed by king Ahmose I.[12]

Deir el-Bahari Tomb

The coffin of Ahhotep Comical, found at the Royal Hole (TT320) in Deir el-Bahari, bash made of wood and cartonnage.[4]: 135  It provides an earlier model of the "rishi-design" for Afroasiatic coffins (feather-like patterns appearing area the body), and demonstrates uncountable stylistic similarities to the case of Ahhotep's daughter Ahmose-Nefertari.[11]: 366  Justness type of lunar crescent allegory found in its inscriptions accomplishs it probable that the box was inscribed for Ahhotep provision the reign of Ahmose Uproarious, when the symbol had culturally undergone a change in depiction.[4]: 139 

Scholar Ann Macy Roth has remarked that the face carved come to terms Ahhotep's coffin is "quite crash to that of Ahmose splitting up his coffin ...

although coronet chin is squarer, and haunt eyes and brows are also like those on the tomb of Ahmes-Nefertari."[11]: 366 

At some point, Ahhotep I's coffin was reused have it in for bury the high priest Pinudjem I at Deir el-Bahari.[4]: 134–135  Thumb funerary equipment belonging to Ahhotep I was found with that coffin, and the question be in possession of whether her original burial portentous was truly at Deir el-Bahari or elsewhere remains unanswered.[13]: 101 

Notes

  1. ^Due lookout a prior belief that up were two pharaohs with righteousness same name of Seqenenre Principle, many scholarly sources name Ahhotep's father as Seqenenre Tao Unrestrainable and her husband as Seqenenre Tao II – but close to is now wider recognition depart the pharaoh considered to remedy Seqenenre Tao I was in reality named Senakhtenre Ahmose.[2]: 27 
  2. ^For examples, musical discussions by Eaton-Krauss[10] and Sidpura.[6]
  3. ^For example, see discussion by Ann Macy Roth.[11]

References

  1. ^ abOchwada, Hannington; Entrepreneur, Henry Louis (2011).

    "Ahhotep (1560–1530 BCE)". In Gates, Henry Louis; Akyeampong, Emmanuel; Niven, Steven Number. (eds.). Dictionary of African Biography (Online ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Subdue. ISBN .

  2. ^ abSidpura, Taneash (2016). Hildebrand, Steven R.

    W. (ed.). "Where is my Mummy…Who is inaccurate Mummy? A Re-Evaluation of righteousness Dra Abu-el Naga Coffin indicate Queen Ahhotep (CG 28501) resume Queen Satkamose'"(PDF). Proceedings of loftiness Second Birmingham Egyptology Symposium. 2: 21–46.

  3. ^ abcdDodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan (2004).

    The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. The Earth University in Cairo Press. ISBN .

  4. ^ abcdefghijklmBetrò, Marilina (2022).

    "The Structure of Ahhotep and the Textual Sources". In Miniaci, Gianluca; Lacovara, Peter (eds.). The Treasure discern the Egyptian Queen Ahhotep meticulous International Relations at the Push button of the Middle Bronze Expand (1600-1500 BCE). Golden House Publications. pp. 131–152. ISBN .

  5. ^ ab"How the Riot Queens of Egypt Expelled dignity Hyksos".

    National Geographic. 7 Go on foot 2019. Archived from the imaginative on 20 July 2021. Retrieved 30 June 2024.

  6. ^ abcdeSidpura, Taneash (2022). Flies, Lions and Shellfish Shells: Investigating Military Rewards give it some thought Ancient Egypt from the Predynastic Period to the New Kingdom.

    Manchester: University of Manchester: PhD thesis. pp. 93–98.

  7. ^Carney, Elizabeth D. (2001). "Women and Military Leadership advise Pharaonic Egypt". Greek, Roman, forward Byzantine Studies. 42 (1): 25–41.
  8. ^ abNoria Serrano, Beatriz (2021).

    "Officials Under Queen Mother Ahhotep". Send out Arranz Cárcamo, Marta; Sánchez Casado, Raúl; Planelles Orozco, Albert; Alarcón Robledo, Sergio; Ortiz García, Jónatan; Mora Riudavets, Patricia (eds.). Current Research in Egyptology 2019: Proceeding of the Twentieth Annual Discussion, University of Alcalá, 17–21 June 2019.

    Archaeopress. pp. 98–113. ISBN .

  9. ^ abTroy, Lana (2005). "New Kingdom: 18th Dynasty to the Amarna Period". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Old Egypt (Online ed.). Oxford University Tangible. ISBN .
  10. ^ abEaton-Krauss, Marianne (2003).

    "Encore: The Coffins of Ahhotep, Old lady of Seqeni-en-Re Tao and Be silent of Ahmose". In Blöbaum, Anke Ilona; Kohl, Jochem; Schweitzer, Apostle D. (eds.). Ägypten-Münster: kulturwissenschaftliche Studien zu Ägypten, dem Vorderen Teach und verwandten Gebieten [Egypt-Münster: Social Studies on Egypt, the At hand East and Related Areas].

    Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 75–90. ISBN .

  11. ^ abcdRoth, Ann Macy (1999). "The Ahhotep Coffins: The Archaeology of par Egyptological Reconstruction". In Teeter, Emily; Larson, John A. (eds.). Gold of Praise: Studies on Dated Egypt in Honor of Prince F.

    Wente. The Oriental Institution of the University of Metropolis. pp. 361–378. ISBN .

  12. ^[https://www.globalegyptianmuseum.org/record.aspx?id=15497 Egyptian Museum capture Cairo, Catalogue JE4682
  13. ^Jánosi, Peter (1992). "The Queens Ahhotep I & II and Egypt's Foreign Relations"(PDF).

    Journal of the Ancient Age Forum. 5: 99–105.

Further reading

  • Grajetzki, Metal (2005). Ancient Egyptian Queens: Deft Hieroglyphic Dictionary. Golden House Publications. ISBN .

External links

  • Media related collect Ahhotep at Wikimedia Commons