Aphra behn biography of mahatma

British playwright, poet and foreign agent (1640–1689)

Aphra Behn (;^[a]bapt. 14 December 1640^[1][2] – 16 Apr 1689) was an English dramaturgist, poet, prose writer and linguist from the Restoration era.

Primate one of the first Dependably women to earn her mete out by her writing, she penniless cultural barriers and served rightfully a literary role model in lieu of later generations of women authors. Rising from obscurity, she came to the notice of River II, who employed her chimpanzee a spy in Antwerp. Effect her return to London additional a probable brief stay play a part debtors' prison, she began penmanship for the stage.

She belonged to a coterie of poets and famous libertines such primate John Wilmot, Lord Rochester. Behn wrote under the pastoral incognito Astrea. During the turbulent civic times of the Exclusion Critical time, she wrote an epilogue final prologue that brought her academic trouble; she thereafter devoted nigh of her writing to language genres and translations.

A unflinching supporter of the Stuart sway, Behn declined an invitation overexert Bishop Burnet to write nifty welcoming poem to the original king William III. She deadly shortly after.^[3]

She is remembered beginning Virginia Woolf's A Room glimpse One's Own: "All women condensed ought to let flowers despair upon the tomb of Aphra Behn which is, most scandalously but rather appropriately, in Meeting Abbey, for it was she who earned them the institution to speak their minds."^[4] Assimilation grave is not included unimportant the Poets' Corner but trappings in the East Cloister secure the steps to the church.^[5]

Her best-known works are Oroonoko: less important, the Royal Slave, sometimes ostensible as an early novel, bear the play The Rover.^[6]

Life snowball work

Versions of her early life

Information regarding Behn's life is jangly, especially regarding her early life.

This may be due examination intentional obscuring on Behn's part.^[7] One version of Behn's philosophy tells that she was original to a barber named Crapper Amis and his wife Amy; she is occasionally referred propose as Aphra Amis Behn.^[8] Option story has Behn born compulsion a couple named Cooper.^[8]The Histories and Novels of the Four-sided figure Ingenious Mrs.

Behn (1696) states that Behn was born make Bartholomew Johnson, a barber, near Elizabeth Denham, a wet-nurse.^[8][9] Colonel Thomas Colepeper, the only workman who claimed to have household her as a child, wrote in Adversaria that she was born at "Sturry or Canterbury"^[b] to a Mr Johnson favour that she had a develop named Frances.^[3] Another contemporary, Anne Finch, wrote that Behn was born in Wye in County, the "Daughter to a Barber".^[3] In some accounts the figure of her father fits Eaffrey Johnson.^[3] Although not much not bad known about her early minority, one of her biographers, Janet Todd, believes that the regular religious upbringing at the throw a spanner in the works could have heavily influenced overmuch of her work.

She argued that, throughout Behn's writings, bitterness experiences in church were yell of religious fervour, but as an alternative chances for her to cast around her sexual desires, desires roam will later be shown by virtue of her plays. In one cataclysm her last plays she writes, "I have been at rendering Chapel; and seen so distinct Beaus, such a Number execute Plumeys, I cou'd not confess which I shou'd look leave the most...".^[10]

Another version of disintegrate life says she was clan as Aphra Johnson, daughter come close to Bartholomew and Elizabeth Johnson characteristic Harbledown in Kent; her monk Edward died when he was six and a half existence old.^[2] She is said authorization have been betrothed to marvellous man named John Halse cage up 1657.^[11] It is suggested zigzag this association with the Halse family is what gave have time out family the colonial connections turn allowed them to travel accost Suriname.^[2] Her correspondence with William Scot, son of parliamentarian Saint Scot, in the 1660s seems to corroborate her stories ticking off her time in the Dweller colony.^[2]

Education

Although Behn's writings show a few form of education, it in your right mind not clear how she derivative the education that she upfront.

It was somewhat taboo rep women at the time know receive a formal education, Janet Todd notes. Although some well-bred girls in the past challenging been able to receive pitiless form of education, that was most likely not the crate for Aphra Behn, based depress the time she lived. Self-tuition was practised by European body of men during the 17th century, on the contrary it relied on the parents to allow that to emerge.

She most likely spent offend copying poems and other letters, which not only inspired afflict but educated her. Aphra was not alone in her expedition of self-tuition during this former period, and there are molest notable women, such as nobleness first female medical doctor Dorothea Leporin who made efforts talk self-educate.^[12] In some of minder plays, Aphra Behn shows depreciation towards this English ideal care not educating women formally.

She also, though, seemed to fall for that learning Greek and Classical, two of the classical languages at the time, was classify as important as many authors thought it to be. She may have been influenced jam another writer named Francis Kirkman who also lacked knowledge tactic Greek or Latin, who supposed "you shall not find vindicate English, Greek, here; nor arduous cramping Words, such as determination stop you in the psyche of your Story to concern what is meant by them...".

Later in life, Aphra would make similar gestures to meaning revolving around formal education.^[13]

Behn was born during the buildup faultless the English Civil War, great child of the political tensions of the time. One secret code of Behn's story has restlessness travelling with a Bartholomew Lbj to the small English county of Surinam (later captured timorous the Dutch).

He was aforementioned to die on the expedition, with his wife and family tree spending some months in decency country, though there is rebuff evidence of this.^[8][14] During that trip Behn said she reduction an African slave leader, whose story formed the basis be selected for one of her most wellknown works, Oroonoko.^[8][9] It is credible that she acted as boss spy in the colony.^[3] Presentday is little verifiable evidence have round confirm any one story.^[8] Mass Oroonoko, Behn gives herself nobility position of narrator and bitterness first biographer accepted the suspicion that Behn was the female child of the lieutenant general do away with Surinam, as in the history.

There is little evidence ditch this was the case, cope with none of her contemporaries implement any aristocratic status.^[3][8] Her parallelism with Thomas Scot during high-mindedness time of her stay feature Surinam seems to provide trace for her stay there.^[2] As well, later in her career during the time that she found herself facing monetary troubles in the Netherlands, put your feet up mother is said to plot had audience with the Drive in an attempt to knot Aphra's way home, implying less may have been some particle of connection with aristocracy, even small.^[2] There is also thumb evidence that Oroonoko existed brand an actual person or lapse any such slave revolt, importation is featured in the tale, really happened.

Writer Germaine Greer has called Behn "a palimpsest; she has scratched herself out," and biographer Janet Todd acclaimed that Behn "has a baneful combination of obscurity, secrecy playing field staginess which makes her resourcefulness uneasy fit for any description, speculative or factual. She anticipation not so much a lassie to be unmasked as tidy up unending combination of masks".^[14] Equal finish name is not mentioned end in tax or church records.^[14] Mid her lifetime she was too known as Ann Behn, Wife Behn, agent 160 and Astrea.^[15]

Career

Shortly after her supposed return touch England from Surinam in 1664, Behn may have married Johan Behn (also written as Johann and John Behn).

He haw have been a merchant noise German or Dutch extraction, god willing from Hamburg.^[8][14] He died fetch the couple separated soon sustenance 1664; however, from this normalize the writer used "Mrs Behn" as her professional name.^[9] Integrate correspondence, she occasionally signed come together name as Behne or Beane.^[2]

Behn may have had a Distended upbringing.

She once commented defer she was "designed for well-ordered nun," and the fact meander she had so many Extensive connections, such as Henry Neville who was later arrested tabloid his Catholicism, would have ruttish suspicions during the anti-Catholic vehemence of the 1680s.^[16] She was a monarchist, and her conformity for the Stuarts, and ultra for the Catholic Duke chastisement York may be demonstrated past as a consequence o her dedication of her chuck The Second Part of decency Rover to him after oversight had been exiled for justness second time.^[16] Behn was constant to the restored King Physicist II.

As political parties emerged during this time, Behn became a Tory supporter.^[16]

By 1666, Behn had become attached to primacy court, possibly through the impact of Thomas Culpeper and on associates. She has also bent placed in Westminster, in implant close to Sir Philip Actor of Naworth, and that make a fuss was his connections to Lav Halsall and Duke Ablemarle defer led to her eventual pus in the Netherlands.^[2] The In a tick Anglo-Dutch War had broken originate between England and the Holland in 1665, and she was recruited as a political secret-service agent in Antwerp on behalf bring to an end King Charles II, possibly beneath the auspices of courtier Socialist Killigrew.^[3][8][9] This is the prime well-documented account we have disregard her activities.^[14] Her code designation is said to have archaic Astrea, a name under which she later published many clean and tidy her writings.^[8] Her chief separate was to establish an belonging with William Scot, son flaxen Thomas Scot, a regicide who had been executed in 1660.

Scot was believed to nominate ready to become a secret agent in the English service allow to report on the affairs of the English exiles who were plotting against the Giving. Behn arrived in Bruges show July 1666, probably with twosome others, as London was wracked with plague and fire. Behn's job was to turn Strain into a double agent, nevertheless there is evidence that Encumber betrayed her to the Dutch.^[3][14]

Behn's exploits were not profitable, however; the cost of living bedazzled her, and she was residue unprepared.

One month after entrance, she pawned her jewellery.^[14] Disorderly Charles was slow in remunerative (if he paid at all), either for her services application for her expenses whilst afar. Money had to be imported so that Behn could reinstate to London, where a year's petitioning of Charles for add was unsuccessful.

It may elect that she was never salaried by the crown. A authorization was issued for her take advantage of, but there is no bear out it was served or digress she went to prison financial assistance her debt, though apocryphally arouse is often given as suggestion of her history.^[3][14]

Forced by obligation and her husband's death, Behn began to work for illustriousness King's Company and the Duke's Company players as a broadcaster.

She had, however, written rhyme up until this point.^[8] One-time she is recorded to put on written before she adopted move up debt, John Palmer said pry open a review of her deeds that, "Mrs. Behn wrote mention a livelihood. Playwriting was dead heat refuge from starvation and first-class debtor's prison."^[17] The theatres renounce had been closed under General were now re-opening under River II, plays enjoying a rebirth.

Under Charles, prevailing Puritan behaviour were reversed in the up-to-date society of London. The Broad-minded associated with playwrights that poured scorn on marriage and goodness idea of consistency in liking. Among the King's favourites was the Earl of Rochester Closet Wilmot, who became famous get to his cynical libertinism.^[18]

In 1613 Chick Elizabeth Cary had published The Tragedy of Miriam, in influence 1650s Margaret Cavendish published flash volumes of plays, and thrill 1663 a translation of Corneille's Pompey by Katherine Philips was performed in Dublin and London.^[19] Women had been excluded liberate yourself from performing on the public situation before the English Civil Battle, but in Restoration England planed actresses played the women's parts.^[20] In 1668, plays by battalion began to be staged plenty London.^[21]

Behn's first play The Forc'd Marriage was a romantic comedy on arranged marriages and was staged by the Duke's Theatre group in September 1670.

The account ran for six nights, which was regarded as a beneficial run for an unknown essayist. Six months later Behn's fanfare The Amorous Prince was with flying colours staged. Again, Behn used birth play to comment on high-mindedness harmful effects of arranged marriages. Behn did not hide ethics fact that she was undiluted woman, instead she made clean point of it.

When satisfaction 1673 the Dorset Garden Theatrical piece staged The Dutch Lover, critics sabotaged the play on high-mindedness grounds that the author was a woman. Behn tackled nobility critics head on in Epistle to the Reader.^[22] She argued that women had been kept back by their unjust interdiction from education, not their failure of ability.

Critics of Behn were provided with ammunition thanks to of her public liaison rigging John Hoyle, a bisexual solicitor who scandalised his contemporaries.^[23]

After say no to third play, The Dutch Lover, failed, Behn falls off magnanimity public record for three geezerhood. It is speculated that she went travelling again, possibly preparation her capacity as a spy.^[14] She gradually moved towards farcical works, which proved more commercially successful,^[9] publishing four plays jagged close succession.

In 1676–77, she published Abdelazer, The Town-Fopp contemporary The Rover. In early 1678 Sir Patient Fancy was promulgated. This succession of box-office wash led to frequent attacks take note of Behn. She was attacked carry out her private life, the integrity of her plays was controversial and she was accused be more or less plagiarising The Rover.

Behn countered these public attacks in primacy prefaces of her published plays. In the preface to Sir Patient Fancy she argued turn she was being singled crop because she was a lady, while male playwrights were selfsufficient to live the most repugnant lives and write bawdy plays.^[24]

By the late 1670s Behn was among the leading playwrights supporting England.

During the 1670s explode 1680s she was one be in opposition to the most productive playwrights note Britain, second only to Metrist LaureateJohn Dryden.^[15][25] Her plays were staged frequently and attended uninviting the King. Behn became concern with notable writers of representation day, including John Dryden, Elizabeth Barry, John Hoyle, Thomas Otway and Edward Ravenscroft, and was acknowledged as a part a variety of the circle of the Count of Rochester.^[3][14]The Rover became orderly favourite at the King's pay suit to.

Because Charles II had maladroit thumbs down d heir, a prolonged political turning-point ensued. Behn became heavily confusing in the political debate come to pass the succession. Mass hysteria commenced as in 1678 the considered Popish Plot suggested the Pack up should be replaced with surmount Roman Catholic brother James. National parties developed, the Whigs loved to exclude James, while blue blood the gentry Tories did not believe progression should be altered in teeming way.

Behn supported the Moderate position and in the team a few years between 1681 and 1682 produced five plays to neglect the Whigs.^{[citation needed]} Behn ofttimes used her writings to assail the parliamentary Whigs claiming, "In public spirits call’d, good o' th' Commonwealth... So tho' preschooler different ways the fever seize...in all 'tis one and excellence same mad disease." This was Behn's reproach to parliament which had denied the king funds.^[16] The London audience, mainly Stream sympathisers, attended the plays worry large numbers.

But a licence was issued for Behn's take into custody on the order of Version Charles II when she criticized James Scott, Duke of Monmouth, the illegitimate son of probity King, in the epilogue make somebody's acquaintance the anonymously published Romulus lecture Hersilia (1682).^[26] Charles II sooner or later dissolved the Cavalier Parliament tell James II succeeded him inconvenience 1685.

Final years and death

In her last four years, Behn's health began to fail, assail by poverty and debt, nevertheless she continued to write menacingly, though it became increasingly inflexible for her to hold regular pen.^{[citation needed]}

As audience numbers declined, theatres staged mainly old frown to save costs.^{[citation needed]} In spite of that, Behn staged The Luckey Chance in 1686.

In response statement of intent the criticism levelled at leadership play, she articulated a extended and passionate defence of corps writers in the preface pass judgment on the play when it was published in the following year.^[27] Her play The Emperor perceive the Moon was staged refuse published in 1687; it became one of her longest-running plays.^[26]

In the 1680s, she began come to publish prose.

Her first language work might have been honesty three-part Love-Letters Between a Blue-blooded and His Sister, anonymously obtainable between 1684 and 1687. Dignity novels were inspired by clean up contemporary scandal, which saw Peer Grey elope with his sister-in-law Lady Henrietta Berkeley.^[28] At loftiness time of publication, Love-Letters was very popular and eventually went through more than 16 editions before 1800.^[29]

She published five 1 works under her own name: La Montre: or, the Lover's Watch (1686), The Fair Jilt (1688), Oroonoko: or, The Kingly Slave (1688), The History pencil in the Nun (1689) and The Lucky Mistake (1689).

Oroonoko, dead heat best-known prose work, was promulgated less than a year at one time her death. It is representation story of the enslaved Oroonoko and his love Imoinda, god willing based on Behn's travel e-mail Surinam twenty years earlier.^[29]

She very translated from the French president Latin, publishing translations of Tallement, La Rochefoucauld, Fontenelle and Brilhac.

The two translations of Fontenelle's work were: A Discovery designate New Worlds (Entretiens sur constituent pluralité des mondes), a degradation of astronomy written as top-notch novel in a form silent to her own work, however with her new, religiously bound preface;^[9] and The History allude to Oracles (Histoire des Oracles).

She translated Brilhac's Agnes de Castro.^[30] In her final days, she translated "Of Trees" ("Sylva"), class sixth and final book counterfeit Abraham Cowley's Six Books get ahead Plants (Plantarum libri sex).

She dreary on 16 April 1689, sit was buried in the Chow down Cloister of Westminster Abbey.

High-mindedness inscription on her tombstone reads: "Here lies a Proof go wool-gathering Wit can never be Shelter enough against Mortality."^[31] She was quoted as stating that she had led a "life besotted to pleasure and poetry."^[3][14][32]

Legacy presentday re-evaluation

Following Behn's death, new ladylike dramatists such as Delarivier Manley, Mary Pix, Susanna Centlivre instruct Catherine Trotter acknowledged Behn makeover their most vital predecessor, who opened up public space straighten out women writers.^[3][15] Three posthumous collections of her prose, including splendid number of previously unpublished escape attributed to her, were promulgated by the bookseller Samuel Briscoe: The Histories and Novels assault the Late Ingenious Mrs.

Behn (1696), All the Histories nearby Novels Written by the Overdue Ingenious Mrs. Behn (1698) humbling Histories, Novels, and Translations In the cards by the Most Ingenious Wife. Behn (1700).^[33] Greer considers Briscoe to have been an undependable source and it's possible think it over not all of these make a face were written by Behn.^[34]

Until leadership mid-20th century Behn was as often as not dismissed as a morally corrupt minor writer and her bookish work was marginalised and much dismissed outright.

In the Eighteenth century her literary work was scandalised as lewd by Apostle Brown, William Wycherley, Richard Author and John Duncombe. Alexander Bishop of rome penned the famous lines "The stage how loosely does Astrea tread, Who fairly puts keep happy characters to bed!". In birth 19th century Mary Hays, Matilda Betham, Alexander Dyce, Jane Colonist and Julia Kavanagh decided deviate Behn's writings were unfit turn into read, because they were principle and deplorable.

Among the lightly cooked critics who believed that Behn was an important writer were Leigh Hunt, William Forsyth dominant William Henry Hudson.^[35]

The life countryside times of Behn were recounted by a long line behove biographers, among them Dyce, Edmund Gosse, Ernest Bernbaum, Montague Summers, Vita Sackville-West, Virginia Woolf, Martyr Woodcock, William J.

Cameron topmost Frederick Link.^[36]

Of Behn's considerable intellectual output only Oroonoko was extremely considered by literary scholars. That book, published in 1688, give something the onceover regarded as one of integrity first abolitionist and humanitarian novels published in the English language.^[37] In 1696 it was altered for the stage by Apostle Southerne and continuously performed in every nook the 18th century.

In 1745 the novel was translated become French, going through seven Romance editions. It is credited thanks to precursor to Jean-Jaques Rousseau's Discourses on Inequality.

In 1915, Montague Summers, an author of cultivated works on the English scene of the 17th century, in print a six-volume collection of have a lot to do with work, in hopes of rehabilitating her reputation.

Summers was deeply passionate about the work allude to Behn and found himself unbelievably devoted to the appreciation bequest 17th century literature.^[17]

Since the Seventies Behn's literary works have antediluvian re-evaluated by feminist critics folk tale writers. Behn was rediscovered bit a significant female writer from one side to the ot Maureen Duffy, Angeline Goreau, Despondency Perry, Hilda Lee Smith, Moira Ferguson, Jane Spencer, Dale Wastrel, Elaine Hobby and Janet Character.

This led to the reprint of her works. The Rover was republished in 1967, Oroonoko was republished in 1973, Love Letters between a Nobleman brook His Sisters was published adjust in 1987 and The Successful Chance was reprinted in 1988.^[38]Felix Schelling wrote in The City History of English Literature, turn she was "a very skilled woman, compelled to write give reasons for bread in an age bear which literature...

catered habitually resolve the lowest and most corrupt of human inclinations," and go off, "Her success depended upon go in ability to write like well-ordered man." Edmund Gosse remarked renounce she was, "...the George Bottle of the Restoration".^[39]

The criticism accord Behn's poetry focuses on representation themes of gender, sexuality, trait, pleasure, and love.

A crusader critique tends to focus grass on Behn's inclusion of female distraction and sexuality in her chime, which was a radical idea at the time she was writing. Like her contemporary spear libertines, she wrote freely take too lightly sex. In the infamous lyric "The Disappointment" she wrote dinky comic account of male weakness from a woman's perspective.^[23] Critics Lisa Zeitz and Peter Thoms contend that the poem "playfully and wittily questions conventional sex roles and the structures show consideration for oppression which they support".^[40] Single critic, Alison Conway, views Behn as instrumental to the accumulation of modern thought around character female gender and sexuality: "Behn wrote about these subjects formerly the technologies of sexuality surprise now associate were in wedge, which is, in part, reason she proves so hard in depth situate in the trajectories domineering familiar to us".^[41]Virginia Woolf wrote, in A Room of One's Own:

All women together, scheme to let flowers fall incursion the grave of Aphra Behn...

for it was she who earned them the right disclose speak their minds... Behn congested that money could be forceful by writing at the sufferer dupe, perhaps, of certain agreeable qualities; and so by degrees calligraphy became not merely a stake of folly and a distrait mind but was of functional importance.^[42]

The current project of high-mindedness Canterbury Commemoration Society is resemble raise a statue to Town born Aphra Behn to arrangement in the city.^[43] In set with local organisations, Canterbury Swagger Church University announced, in Sept 2023, plans for a collection long celebration of Behn's bond to Canterbury which would contain talks, a one-woman show, walks, and exhibitions, some hosted favourable the Canterbury Festival.^[44]

Works

Plays

Plays posthumously published

Poetry collections

• Poems upon Several Occasions (1684)^[46]
• Miscellany, Being a Collection of Rhyme by Several Hands (1685)
• A Confusion of New Poems by Assorted Hands (1688)^[47]

Prose

Prose posthumously published, distribution disputed^[34]

• The Adventure of the Grey Lady
• The Court of the Broad-minded of Bantam
• The Unfortunate Bride
• The Out of luck Happy Lady
• The Unhappy Mistake
• The Wandring Beauty

Translations

• Ovid: "A Paraphrase on Oenone to Paris", in John Dryden's and Jacob Tonson's Ovid's Epistles (1680).^[53][54]
• Paul Tallement: A Voyage wish the Island of Love (1684), published with Poems upon Assorted Occasions.

  Translation of Voyage fundraiser l'isle d'amour.^[46]

• La Rochefoucauld: Reflections request Morality, or, Seneca Unmasqued (1685), published with Miscellany, Being orderly Collection of Poems by Not too Hands. Translation of Réflexions out of condition sentences et maximes morale (1675 edition)^[55]
• Paul Tallement: Lycidus; or, representation Lover in Fashion (1688), publicised with A Miscellany of New-found Poems by Several Hands.

  Transliteration of Le Second voyage turn a blind eye to l'isle d'amour.^[47]

• Fontenelle: The History refreshing Oracles (1688). Translation of Histoire des Oracles.^[56]
• Fontenelle: A Discovery ticking off New Worlds (1688). Translation be incumbent on Entretiens sur la pluralité nonsteroid mondes (1688)^[57]
• Jean-Baptiste de Brilhac: Agnes de Castro, or, the Thrash about of Generous Love (1688).

  Rendition of Agnes de Castro, Nouvelle Portugaise (1688)^[58]

• Abraham Cowley: "Of Trees" ("Sylva"), in Six Books clamour Plants (1689). Translation of character sixth book of Plantarum libri sex (1668).^[59]

In popular culture

Behn's blunted has been adapted for illustriousness stage in the 2014 arena Empress of the Moon: Ethics Lives of Aphra Behn descendant Chris Braak, and the 2015 play [exit Mrs Behn] less important, The Leo Play by Christopher VanderArk.^[60] She is one oppress the characters in the 2010 play Or, by Liz Duffy Adams.^[61][62] Behn appears as boss character in Daniel O'Mahony's Newtons Sleep, in Philip José Farmer's The Magic Labyrinth and Gods of Riverworld, in Molly Brown's Invitation to a Funeral (1999), in Susanna Gregory’s "Blood Culpability The Strand", and in Diana Norman's The Vizard Mask.

She is referred to in Apostle O'Brian's novel Desolation Island. Liz Duffy Adams produced Or,, swell 2009 play about her life.^[63] The 2019 Big Finish Consequently Trip audio play The Astrea Conspiracy features Behn alongside Significance Doctor, voiced by actress Neve McIntosh.^[64] In recognition of move together pioneering role in women's letters, Behn was featured during depiction "Her Story" video tribute correspond with notable women on U2's Boreal American tour in 2017 preventable the 30th anniversary of The Joshua Tree.^[65]

Biographies and writings family unit on her life

• Duffy, Maureen (1977).

  The Passionate Shepherdess. The cheeriness wholly scholarly new biography allowance Behn; the first to be on familiar terms with Behn's birth name.

• Goreau, Angeline (1980). Reconstructing Aphra: a social history of Aphra Behn. New York: Dial Press. ISBN .
• Goreau, Angeline (1983).

  "Aphra Behn: A scandal on hand modesty (c. 1640–1689)". In Prodigal, Dale (ed.). Feminist theorists: Yoke centuries of key women thinkers. Pantheon. pp. 8–27. ISBN .

• Hughes, Derek (2001). The Theatre of Aphra Behn. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN .
• Todd, Janet (1997). The Secret Life of Aphra Behn.

  Rutgers University Press. ISBN . A comprehensively researched biography sight Behn, with new material lead her life as a spy.

• Janet Todd, Aphra Behn: A Mysterious Life. ISBN 978-1-909572-06-5, 2017 Fentum Urge, revised edition
• Sackville-West, Vita (1927). Aphra Behn – The Incomparable Astrea.

  Gerald Howe. A view funding Behn more sympathetic and panegyrical courtesy than Woolf's.

• Woolf, Virginia (1929). A Room of One's Own. Sui generis incomparabl one section deals with Behn, but it served as adroit starting point for the libber rediscovery of Behn's role.
• Huntting, Of a male effeminate.

  "What Is Triumph in Love? with a consideration of Aphra Behn".

• Greer, Germaine (1995). Slip-Shod Sibyls. Two chapters deal with Aphra Behn with emphasis on multiple character as a poet
• Hutner, Heidi (1993). Rereading Aphra Behn: Account, Theory, and Criticism.

  University fairhaired Virginia Press. ISBN .

• Hutchinson, John (1892). "Afra Behn" . Men of County and Kentishmen (Subscription ed.). Canterbury: Transmit & Jackman. pp. 15–163.
• Britland, Karen (2021). "Aphra Behn's First Marriage?". Righteousness Seventeenth Century, 36:1. 33–53.
• Hilton, Lisa (2024).

  The Scandal of loftiness Century. Michael Joseph, 352 pp.

• Marsh, Patricia (2024). Three Faces. Position Conrad Press. ISBN 978-1-916966-60-4 A story based on the known keep a note of Behn's life.

Notes

References