Kadambari kiran biography of mahatma

Kādambarī

7th century Sanskrit literature. novel fail to see Banabhatta

This article is about illustriousness Sanskrit novel. For other uses, see Kadambari (disambiguation).

Kādambarī is a-one romantic novel in Sanskrit. Movement was substantially composed by Bāṇabhaṭṭa in the first half taste the 7th century CE, who did not survive to shroud it through completion.

The fresh was completed by Banabhatta's jew Bhushanabhatta, according to the invent laid out by his invigorate father. It is conventionally incoherent into Purvabhaga (earlier part) deadly by Banabhatta, and Uttarabhaga (latter part) by Bhushanabhatta. (An exchange tradition gives the son's designation as Pulindabhatta.) ^[1]

The standard editions of the original Sanskrit contents are by Peterson^[2] and Kane.^[3] There are translations into Unambiguously by Kale,^[4] Layne^[1] and Ridding;^[5] and an abridgement into Gujerati by Bhalan (edited by Keshavlal Dhruv).

This novel has protest extremely intricate plot which go over difficult to summarize concisely. Lecturer central thread is that pattern a romantic attachment (and ultimate union) between the hero Chandrapeeda and the heroine Kadambari. On the other hand, there are several competing subplots; indeed, the heroine does remote make her appearance until done the midpoint.

Many of rectitude characters appear in multiple incarnations, some as humans and severe as demigods or animals. Distinction narration proceeds in a on of nested frames; a stout part of it is dialect trig retelling by a parrot duplicate a story which was bad to it by a reverenced. The latter story also contains several instances of one make-up relating a sub-story to alternate character.

The plot has in all likelihood been adapted from the fact of King Sumanas from Gunadhya's Brihatkatha (a conjectural collection look up to stories in the extinct Paishachi language). This story also appears in Somadeva's Kathasaritsagara (which esteem believed to be a Indic precis of Gunadhya's work).

^[4]

This work can be plausibly supposed to be one of rendering first novels in the world; making due allowance for leadership ambiguities of such a compartmentalization. In fact, two modern Amerind languages (Kannada and Marathi) beg to be excused 'kadambari' as a generic word for a romance or a- novel.

Apart from the Kadambari, Banabhatta is also the hack of Harshacharita, a biography commemorate his patron king Harshavardhana. Give rise to is this circumstance which allows one to date the father with a reasonable degree do away with certainty.

Plot synopsis

(The paragraphs be endowed with been numbered for ease tip off reference.

The original text evaluation continuous, and has no episode divisions. The Purvabhaga (first part) ends abruptly inside Paragraph 16, at a point when Kadambari is speaking about her love-sickness to Patralekha, as narrated bypass the latter to Chandrapeeda.)

There is a valiant king forename Shudraka, who rules over far-out vast and prosperous kingdom respect the capital city of Vidisha.

One day, a Chandala (an untouchable) maiden comes to monarch court and makes a indicate of a parrot (named Vaishampayana) to the king. After obtaining (eating) some tasty morsels move rested in the royal dwelling, the parrot begins to relate his tale with the commencement, "Your Majesty, this is precise very long story; but on the assumption that you are curious, it prerogative be told."
The parrot says cruise he used to live encircle the Vindhya forest with enthrone aging father.

One day, ethics forest is overrun by Shabaras (a band of hunters) who kill an enormous number drug animals and cause great ruining. Vaishampayana's father is dragged get round his hollow and murdered. Fend for the commotion has died emanate, Vaishampayana wanders off, and finally finds refuge in a hermitage where he meets the holy sage Jabali.

The latter stares at the parrot for swell while and remarks that "He is experiencing the fruit accept his own misbehaviour." The mother hermits become curious at that remark, and Jabali begins halt narrate the tale which fills a large part of illustriousness 'Kadambari'.
Jabali says that in probity country of Avanti, there was a city called Ujjayini which was ruled by King Tarapeeda.

He had wealth, vitality, ecclesiastical knowledge, and a large house of ill fame, but no son. One nightly, the king dreams that Chandra (the Moon God) had entered the mouth of his emperor Vilasavati. He relates this rapture to his chief minister Shukanasa, who in turn confides depart in his dream, a amount clad in white placed systematic Pundarika (lotus) into the cuff of his wife Manorama.
Within on the rocks few days, both wives sit in judgment found to be pregnant, remarkable each of them gives dawn to a boy.

Tarapeeda's self is named Chandrapeeda, and Shukanasa's son is named Vaishampayana. High-mindedness two boys, who become bust friends, are raised together in good health a heavily fortified university acquire especially for them. Chandrapeeda acquires a powerful and swift chessman called Indrayudha, which becomes crown inseparable companion.
Having completed their upbringing, the two friends reenter authority capital city.

There are clamorous celebrations at their return, esoteric Chandrapeeda is ogled at wishy-washy throngs of besotted young platoon. Queen Vilasavati makes a dramatize of a beautiful prepubescent female named Patralekha to her individual. Tarapeeda decides to install cap son as the heir-apparent. Shukanasha gives him some worldly cooperate, after which, Chandrapeeda and Vaishampayana, accompanied by a vast concourse, set forth to conquer honourableness world.
Chandrapeeda subdues all the princes in the world, and decides to settle for a put in writing rest at Suvarnapura in position Himalayas.

One day, while travel his horse, he sees copperplate couple of Kinnaras (a bend of demigods), and gives come by. They elude him however, famous the prince gets lost. Explicit finds himself at the store of the beautiful lake Acchoda. Having quenched his thirst, oversight hears a sweet melody snowball begins to look for warmth source.

It is found give way to originate from the Veena (lute) of a heavenly and shiny damsel dressed as an spartan, sitting in a temple make known Lord Shiva.
The damsel, named Mahashveta, offers hospitality to Chandrapeeda. Pacify insists that she should report her story. Mahashveta begins magnanimity narration in a gush suggest tears with the words, " O Prince, what is fulfil be gained by hearing cutback story of my renunciation a variety of the world?

But if order about are eager to know, Berserk shall tell it."
Mahashveta relates wind she is the daughter disregard a Gandharva (a demigod). Hold up day, she had come ploy Lake Acchoda for a tub, when she spotted a attractive young ascetic and was now smitten. An enticing smell seemed to emanate from his item. The ascetic, too, appeared lambast be overwhelmed by passion.

She approaches a second young sedate (named Kapinjala), who tells relax that her object of attachment is named Pundarika. He attempt the son of Lakshmi (Goddess of Wealth) who had planned him while sitting on dialect trig lotus, by merely looking mockery the great sage Shvetaketu. Tiptoe day, as Kapinjala and Pundarika were wandering in the Nandana forest, the goddess of justness forest presented a fresh mango sprout to Pundarika as program ornament for his ear.

Standing is this sprout which testing the source of this smell.
Pundarika removes the sprout from Pundarika's ear, and places it move Mahashveta's ear. His rosary outpouring down, as he is quivering from the pleasure of emotive her cheek. Mahashveta wears launch around her neck. Kapinjala gives a scolding to Pundarika portend succumbing to such a aim passion, contrary to his life work as an ascetic.

Pundarika feels abashed, and asks for king rosary back in mock-anger. By reason of Pundarika is visibly befuddled freedom to his passion, Mahashveta deceives him by giving him coffee break strand of pearls instead deal in the rosary.
They part company, crucial that night Mahashveta is controlled senseless by her love-sickness.

Disallow beetle-box bearer Taralika mentions softsoap her that she was approached by Pundarika, who enquired around her mistress. He has accepted a love-letter for Mahashveta engrossed on the bark of neat as a pin tree using the juice be advisable for a leaf as ink. Mahashveta loses her mind after highway it, when the arrival lay into Kapinjala is announced.

The display reports that Pundarika is determined to the brink of government existence by his passion cooperation Mahashveta, and henceforth his taste is in her hands.
After Kapinjala has departed, Mahashveta is sorrowful and falls into a unconsciousness power c. As the moon rises, she leaves her palace to tight Pundarika.

However, she hears Kapinjala's wailing from a distance, who tells her that Pundarika go over the main points dead. Mahashveta is heart-broken, come to rest prepares to immolate herself statement the funeral pyre. At that moment, a divine being descends from the skies and carries aloft Pundarika's body. He admonishes Mahashveta not to give absolve her life, and reassures multifarious that "You two will flaw reunited." Kapinjala is agitated, president flies away himself in favorite activity of this being.

Mahashveta believes herself to be responsible operate Pundarika's death. She has confirmed up all worldly pleasures, brook is now an ascetic. That ends Mahashveta's narrative, begun stress Paragraph 7.
Chandrapeeda consoles Mahashveta humbling advises her not to fault herself. He enquires after uncultivated companion Taralika.

Mahashveta explains: Rectitude Gandharva king Chitraratha and top queen Madira have a maid named Kadambari, who has bent a childhood companion to like. She is filled with gloom due to my plight, lecture has vowed not to join as long as I denote in grief. Kadambari's parents ring vexed by this decision shop hers, and have asked mistrust to persuade her.

Thus, promptly before your arrival here, Frantic have sent Taralika to leaflet my message to Kadambari.
The observe next day, Taralika returns go by with a young Gandharva styled Keyuraka. The latter says turn Kadambari was very upset indifferent to the message and is fast decided against marrying while Mahashveta's bereavement continues.

Mahashveta decides run into visit Kadambari herself, accompanied overtake Chandrapeeda. They visit Mount Hemaketu (the Gandharvas' dwelling). Immediately rear 1 Chandrapeeda and Kadambari have indigenous to each other, the two blank utterly in love.
Mahashveta importunes Kadambari that she should let Chandrapeeda return to his place, on account of his companions must be rattled about him.

Chandrapeeda returns, ride is reunited with Vaishampayana, Patralekha and his army. The go along with day, he is trailed indifferent to Keyuraka who brings the advertise that Kadambari is suffering take from pangs of separation.
Chandrapeeda, immediately mounts his horse Indrayudha, and attended by Patralekha, speeds away type Kadambari.

Kadambari is growing bloodless from desire. Chandrapeeda coyly offers to cure her by indicating that his body is predicament her service, but Kadambari demurs. As Chandrapeeda is about grant leave, Kadambari requests that Patralekha be left behind as coffee break companion. This is agreed knock off, and Chandrapeeda returns to dominion camp.
He receives a letter diverge his father Tarapeeda complaining commemorate his prolonged absence and requesting his immediate return to leadership kingdom.

Chandrapeeda sends a canal to Kadambari, leaves Vaishampayana weight charge of the slowly incessant army and marches rapidly winning towards the capital. In smart few days he reaches Ujjayini. Along the way he be handys across a Chandika temple wallet witnesses the antics of trig very eccentric shrivelled Dravida spartan. (This part seems to be blessed with been composed merely for good time, and has no connection assort the later narrative.) Chandrapeeda's parents and the citizens are happy to see him.

In spick few days, Patralekha brings information that Kadambari is suffering considerably from love-sickness.
Keyuraka arrives shortly thenceforth, confirming this description of Kadambari. Chandrapeeda's own state of appreciate is quite the same. Sharp-tasting decides to solicit the serve of his friend Vaishampayana. Crystalclear goes forth and meets circlet returning army, but hears blue blood the gentry following strange account from coronate generals: while the army was camped at Lake Acchoda, Vaishampayana went into a state personage trance and seemed to aptly searching for something.

He at this very moment refuses to be separated exotic the lake.
Chandrapeeda becomes anxious chaste his friend and sets outdoors in search of him, getting taken leave of his parents. However, he finds no way of Vaishampayana at Lake Acchoda. He meets Mahashveta however, who narrates the following story. She saw a young Brahmin winding about, who made passionate advances of love towards her.

She was inflamed by anger, have a word with cursed him that he would turn into a parrot. Lapse very moment he fell dead on the ground. It was only later that she be conversant with that the youth was Chandrapeeda's friend Vaishampayana.
Chandrapeeda is rendered comatose by this news. At that moment, Kadambari (who has examine her parents that she give something the onceover leaving to see Mahashveta), arrives at the scene, accompanied strong Patralekha.

They both fall pierce a swoon after seeing Chandrapeeda lying on the ground. What because Kadambari recovers, still thinking go off at a tangent Chandrapeeda is dead, she prepares to immolate herself on king funeral pyre.
At this moment, great disembodied voice calls out detach from the sky: 'My child Mahashveta, the body of Pundarika appreciation in my world.

He relic imperishable until he unites extra you. On the other commit, although Chandrapeeda's soul has blue because of a curse; government body is made of class, and thus forever imperishable. Kadambari must see to it guarantee his body is carefully guarded.' Everyone is astonished. Patralekha exclaims that it is not apropos for Indrayudha to remain have faith in earth while his master go over the main points no more.

She mounts him, and throws herself along tackle the horse into the Acchoda lake.
The very next moment, Kapinjala emerges from the lake. Mahashveta is delighted to see improve lover Pundarika's friend, and research paper curious to know his record. Kapinjala narrates as follows: Frenzied chased the heavenly being who had carried aloft Pundarika's entity (Paragraph 11) to the dependant world.

This being declared being to be the Moon God.
The latter said to Kapinjala: ' I was once cursed past as a consequence o your friend (Pundarika) for negation sound reason, that I would suffer from unrequited love mega than once. I cursed him back saying that he would share my agonies. However, at one time I discovered that he practical the lover of Mahashveta (who has a kinship with adhesive race), I brought his oppose here to preserve it.

Set your mind at rest (Kapinjala) should go and confer the sage Shvetaketu (Paragraph 8) about seeking his son's deliverance.'
Kapinjala continues: 'As I hurled yourselves towards Shvetaketu, I inadvertently ran over an irascible sage who cursed me that I would become a horse. I implored his pardon. The sage relented and said that the dejection would only last until empty rider was alive.

I in mint condition requested him that even kind a horse, I should shed tears be separated from my link Pundarika. Thereupon, the sage phonetic me that the Moon Spirit would be born upon righteousness earth as Tarapeeda's son, who would be my rider. Pundarika would be reborn as blue blood the gentry chief minister's son and a-okay companion to my rider.

End hearing this, I fell long-drawn-out the ocean below, and reemerged as a horse.
Since I locked away retained memories of my previous life even after having rancid into a horse, I specially brought Chandrapeeda here in rivalry of the Kinnara couple. Vaishampayana, the youth cursed by on your toes (Mahashveta), was in fact Pundarika himself in his earlier birth.' This closes the narration sum Kapinjala begun in Paragraph 21.

Mahashveta is heartbroken at honourableness fact that she has gone her lover for a alternate time.
Kadambari enquires after Patralekha who had entered the lake adequate the horse. However, Kapinjala knows nothing about this, and significant leaps into the sky set a limit meet Shvetaketu. Kadambari whiles distribute her time watching over Chandrapeeda's lifeless body, which shows inept signs of decay.
A messenger manipulate by Kadambari informs Chandrapeeda's parents of their son's plight.

Tarapeeda, Vilasavati, Shukanasa and Manorama show at the scene, and briefing very sorrowful. Tarapeeda gives begin to have all worldly pleasures, and begins to spend his days dupe the forest near his son's body. Jabali reveals that Vaishampayana (who was cursed by Mahashveta) is the very parrot who is present in the hermitage with them. This ends loftiness narrative of Jabali, begun advocate Paragraph 2.
The parrot Vaishampayana continues his narration.

He says: 'After Jabali had finished, all reproach my past life came in reply to me. I requested him to tell me something observe my friend Chandrapeeda's present parentage, but he was dismissive. Jabali told me that although primate Pundarika I was an ascetic; I came under the veil of sensual desire, because Distracted was born only of efficient woman's seed (Paragraph 8) boss hence lacked the requisite fact of manliness.
After the assembly restore Jabali's hermitage has broken hold for the night, I (the parrot) became sorrowful at clear out own degradation from the native land of an ascetic Brahmin give somebody no option but to that of an animal.

Lose ground the very moment, the move Kapinjala arrived at the hermitage. He embraced me and not viable with joy. Kapinjala told cruel (the parrot): 'I have fall down your father Shvetaketu, who required me here. Your woes funds about to end.' Afterwards, Kapinjala left the hermitage.
Eventually, my frontier fingers grew stronger, and I could fly.

I set off false the northern direction to stumble on Mahashveta. On my way Frenzied fell asleep due to weariness, and when I woke provoke, found myself caught in topping snare laid by a Chandala (forest-dweller). I was taken picture a Chandala girl who articulate to me, "Ah my son! You cannot leave me now." Then she brought me nearby in a golden cage, current made a present of personally to you (King Shudraka).

Uproarious do not know who that girl is, and why she calls me her son.' That ends the narration of nobleness parrot (begun in Paragraph 1).
King Shudraka becomes curious and process the Chandala girl. The young lady tells the king that she is Lakshmi, Pundarika's mother (Paragraph 8). Moreover, the king review no other than Chandrapeeda (the Moon God).

The mutual curses between the Moon and Pundarika are now at an absurd. At these words, the nifty remembers everything in his supplier life, and slumps in smart state of love-sickness for Kadambari.
At Mahashveta's hermitage, the season holiday spring arrives gloriously. Chandrapeeda bash brought back to life make wet the touch of Kadambari's help.

He says that since class curse is over, he has abandoned the earthly body make out Shudraka. Pundarika appears from heavenly kingdom in the form in which Mahashveta had fallen in liking with him. Both the couples are united. The parents attack all the lovers gather warm up them, and everyone is quell with joy.
One day, Kadambari asks Chandrapeeda about Patralekha's whereabouts.

Chandrapeeda tells her that Patralekha assay in fact Rohini (a demigoddess and a spouse of primacy Moon) who had come cheerfulness the mortal world to rigorous care of Chandrapeeda during government curse. Kadambari and Chandrapeeda delight in their first sexual union. Chandrapeeda returns to Ujjayini, and installs Pundarika as the King.

Blooper divides his days between Ujjayini and Mount Hemaketu. The match up couples live in eternal happiness.

Editions and translations

(1896) C. M. Ridding, The Kādambarī of Bāṇa. Translated, with Occasional Omissions, And Attended by a Full Abstract sunup the Continuation of the Attachment by the Author’s Son Bhūshaṇabhaṭṭa.

(2010) Padmini Rajappa, Kadambari: Bana.

Translated with an introduction, Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-143-06466-4.

Adaptations

It has been adapted encouragement an Indian silent film, Mahashweta Kadambari (1922), by Shree Nath Patankar and an Indian Hindi-language film, Kadambari (1944), by Nandlal Jaswantlal.^[6]

References

^ ^a^bLayne, Gwendolyn (1991).

Kadambari: A Classic Sanskrit story remaining Magical Transformations (Translation into English). New York and London: Festoon Publishing.
^Peterson, Peter G. (1884). Kadambari. Bombay: Government Central Book Depot.
^Kane, P. V. (1921). The Kadambari of Banabhatta: Purvabhaga.

Bombay: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.
^ ^a^bKale, M.R. (1968). Bana's Kadambari: Purvabhaga Complete (Translation into English) . Delhi: Motilal Banarasidass Publishers.
^Ridding, C.M. (1896). The Kadambari of Bana (Translation bite-mark English).

London: Royal Asiatic Society.
^Rajadhyaksha, Ashish; Willemen, Paul (1999). Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema. British Coating Institute. ISBN . Retrieved 12 Esteemed 2012.